Counter Terrorism and Radicalization in South Asia: Challenges, Strategies, and the Role of Community Engagement

Abstract

Political instability, socio-economic inequalities and historical grievances have combined to leave South Asia vulnerable to terrorism and radicalization. This article uses securitization theory, relative deprivation theory and social identity theory to examine counter terrorism and radicalization across the region, to explain why extremist mobilization persists despite sustained state responses. Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Bangladesh are confronted with different but related threats shaped by sociopolitical, economic and religious factors. Governments have pursued military operations, intelligence-led policing, and legal reform, but these approaches frequently fail to address the root causes of radicalization and can contribute to increased tensions among marginalized groups. Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Bangladesh face different but related threats shaped by socio-political, economic and religious factors. Governments have turned to military operations, intelligence-led policing and legal reform, but such measures often do not address the root causes of radicalization and may actually exacerbate tensions within marginalized groups. Employing comparative case analysis, the paper advocates for the synergy between grassroots initiatives and state-led efforts and contends that a comprehensive counter-terrorism framework that takes cognizance of cultural diversity and underscores community engagement is vital in countering radicalization at its roots. A synthesis of security policy and social reform, inclusive governance, intercultural dialog and international cooperation, South Asia has a more sustainable way forward for long-term regional security.