Maritime Power and Infrastructural Statecraft: A Comparative Study of China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Coastal Zones

Abstract

This paper studies the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its significant impact on littoral regions around the world. It explains how the BRI began and how it has expanded over time through both land and maritime routes, especially focusing on the Maritime Silk Road, which is changing global trade, infrastructure, and sea connectivity. The study also looks at China’s rapid naval modernization, such as the development of submarines, surface ships, and aircraft carriers, and how this has increased China’s maritime assertiveness, particularly in the South China Sea, where its actions have caused rising tensions. Through detailed case studies of BRI port projects in Africa, Eurasia, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Indian Ocean, the paper examines the strategic, economic, and political effects of China’s global investments. At the same time, it highlights various challenges, including concerns about debt sustainability and unequal partnerships. Despite these issues, the BRI is seen as a powerful tool that could secure vital trade routes, encourage economic cooperation, and expand China’s global influence. Overall, the paper presents a thoughtful analysis of how the BRI is reshaping littoral corridors and influencing future global trade and power structures.